Supply chain management consists of firms collaborating to leverage strategic positioning and to improve operating efficiency.

Consolidation can benefit all concerned.For exporters and shippers， they get the benefit of（）than they would have normally paid to the carrier.

Customs clearance in the import-export trade is one of the traditional functions of a freight forwarder.Customs clearance measures mainly include （）。

Currently， different types of multimodal transport operations involving different combinations are taking place.（）transport does not refer to multimodal transport.

（） is a system of unitized multimodal land transportation of transport by road and rail.

For transport of hazardous materials， truckers need a licence， which usually requires them to pass an exam.

In marine time chartering， the following（）terms are normally appeared in the time charter party.

In（）the bunker is payable by the shipowner.

Under the FCA Term， if the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to receive the goods， the（）is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are delivered to that person.

General average and salvage charges are covered both in FPA and WA coverage.