In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.

What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also（）.

“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category.

protolanguage

The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as（）.

Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is（）phonetics.

Duality

Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated, do conversational implicatures arise.

All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.

A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.